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Affiliation:

Abstract

Antibiotics, one of the 20th century's greatest discoveries, protected millions from infectious illnesses. High selection pressure from antibiotic usage and abuse has caused microbes to develop AMR to numerous medicines. AMR is mostly spread via human-to-human contact in and out of hospitals. Many interrelated healthcare and agricultural variables drive AMR via drug-resistance mechanisms. The widespread use of antimicrobials in cattle feed has contributed to AMR. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are already widespread and endanger global public health as a hidden epidemic, requiring immediate action. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria infections have few treatment choices, causing high morbidity and death and high costs. In contrast to need, newer antimicrobials to treat life-threatening illnesses by resistant microorganisms are hardly discovered and supplied. Surveillance and monitoring, reducing over-the-counter and food animal antibiotics, access to quality and inexpensive medications, vaccinations, and diagnostics, and law enforcement are immediate AMR measures. A postantibiotic future may become a reality in the 21st century without immediate coordinated effort by numerous national and international organizations. Microbial resistance processes, variables, and antibiotic resistance methods are covered in this narrative overview.

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Section
Review